@article {Gilmore:March 2005:0742-6348:19,
	author = "Gilmore Daniel W.",
	author = "OBrien Timothy C.",
	author = "Hoganson Howard M.",
	title = "Thinning Red Pine Plantations and the Langsaeter Hypothesis: A Northern Minnesota Case Study",
	journal = "Northern Journal of Applied Forestry",
	volume = "22",
	year = "March 2005",
	abstract = "The Langsaeter hypothesis states, &#147;The total production of cubic volume by a stand of given age and composition on a given site is, for all practical purposes, constant and optimum for a wide range of density of stocking. It can be decreased, but not increased, by altering the amount of growing stock to levels outside this range.&#148; We used a multistep approach to test this hypothesis in a 46-year-old red pine plantation growing on a site of moderate quality in northern Minnesota. First, we used stem analysis data to construct tree-level red pine volume equations and compared them to existing equations. We then calculated stand-level volume. Doing this allowed us to evaluate the performance of two stand-level volume prediction equations, a growth and yield spreadsheet package, and a computer simulation model using 10-year pre- and post-thinning measurements. Tree volume prediction equations were similar to existing equations. For 10-year projections, the stand-level volume prediction equations and growth projection models provided volume estimates within 10&#037; of actual volumes on average. Ten-year post-thinning measurements showed that a geometric, strip thinning to 100 ft<SUP>2</SUP> of basal area resulted in a 40&#037; volume gain, a crown thinning to 125 ft<SUP>2</SUP> of basal area a 35&#037; volume gain, and a low thinning to 140 ft<SUP>2</SUP> of basal area a 30&#037; volume gain, while an unharvested control had a 22&#037; gain in volume relative to residual stand volumes. Although we found the 10-year volume growth varied less than 1 cord ac<SUP>-1</SUP> between residual growing stock volumes retained in this study, we do not have strong evidence to support the Langsaeter hypothesis for red pine.",
	pages = "19-26(8)",
	url = "http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/saf/njaf/2005/00000022/00000001/art00004"
}