@article {Wilkerson:June 2006:0015-749X:221,
	author = "Wilkerson, Ethel",
	author = "Hagan, John M.",
	author = "Siegel, Darlene",
	author = "Whitman, Andrew A.",
	title = "The Effectiveness of Different Buffer Widths for Protecting Headwater Stream Temperature in Maine",
	journal = "Forest Science",
	volume = "52",
	year = "June 2006",
	abstract = "We evaluated the effect of timber harvesting on summer water temperature in first-order headwater streams in western Maine. Fifteen streams were assigned to one of five treatments: (1) clearcutting with no stream buffer; (2) clearcutting with 11-m, partially harvested buffers, both sides; (3) clearcutting with 23-m, partially harvested buffers; (4) partial cuts with no designated buffer; and (5) unharvested controls. Over a 3-year period we measured summer water temperature hourly before and after harvesting, above and below the harvest zone. Streams without a buffer showed the greatest increase in mean weekly maximum temperatures following harvesting (1.4-4.4°C). Streams with an 11-m buffer showed minor, but not significant, increases (1.0-1.4°C). Streams with a 23-m buffer, partial-harvest treatment, and control streams showed no changes following harvest. The mean weekly maximum temperatures never exceeded the thermal stress limit for brook trout (25°C) in any treatment group. The mean daily temperature fluctuations for streams without buffers increased from 1.5°C/day to 3.8°C/day, while with 11-m buffers fluctuations increased nonsignificantly by 0.5-0.7°C/day. Water temperatures 100 m below the harvest zone in the no-buffer treatment were elevated above preharvest levels. We concluded that water temperature in small headwater streams is protected from the effects of clearcutting by an 11-m buffer (with >60% canopy retention).",
	pages = "221-231(11)",
	url = "http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/saf/fs/2006/00000052/00000003/art00002"
}