@article {Perry:1 July 2000:0022-3573:895,
	author = "Perry N.S.L.",
	author = "Houghton P.J.",
	author = "Theobald A.",
	author = "Jenner P.",
	author = "Perry E.K.",
	title = "In-vitro Inhibition of Human Erythrocyte Acetylcholinesterase by Salvia lavandulaefolia Essential Oil and Constituent Terpenes",
	journal = "Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology",
	volume = "52",
	year = "1 July 2000",
	abstract = "Sage (<I>Salvia</I> spp) is reputed in European herbal encyclopaedias to enhance memory, and current memory-enhancing/anti-dementia drugs are based on enhancing cholinergic activity by inhibiting cholinesterase. In this study the effects of <I>Salvia lavandulaefolia</I> Vahl. (Spanish sage) essential oil and some of its constituent terpenes on human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase were examined in-vitro. The main constituents in the essential oil batch used for analysis of cholinesterase inhibition were camphor (27&#037;), 1,8-cineole (13&#037;), <IMG SRC="/iso-ents/isogrk32/alpha-s.gif" ALT="alpha">- and <IMG SRC="/iso-ents/isogrk32/beta-s.gif" ALT="beta">-pinene (10&#150;15&#037;) and bornyl acetate (10&#037;) with other minor constituents (1&#037; or less) including geraniol, limonene, linalool, terpineol and <IMG SRC="/iso-ents/isogrk32/gamma-s.gif" ALT="gamma">-terpinene.<P></P>Using the Ellman spectrophotometric method, kinetic analysis was conducted on the interaction of the essential oil and the main monoterpenoids, camphor, 1,8-cineole and <IMG SRC="/iso-ents/isogrk32/alpha-s.gif" ALT="alpha">-pinene. IC50 values were obtained for the essential oil, 1,8-cineole and <IMG SRC="/iso-ents/isogrk32/alpha-s.gif" ALT="alpha">-pinene and were 0&#183;03&#160;<IMG SRC="/iso-ents/isogrk32/mu-s.gif" ALT="mu">g&#160;mL<SUP>-1</SUP>, 0&#183;67&#160;mM and 0&#183;63&#160;mM, respectively. Camphor and other compounds tested (geraniol, linalool and <IMG SRC="/iso-ents/isogrk32/gamma-s.gif" ALT="gamma">-terpinene) were less potent (camphor IC50: &#062;10&#160;mM). The essential oil, <IMG SRC="/iso-ents/isogrk32/alpha-s.gif" ALT="alpha">-pinene, 1,8-cineole and camphor were found to be uncompetitive reversible inhibitors.<P></P>These findings suggest that if the inhibitory activity of the essential oil is primarily due to the main inhibitory terpenoid constituents identified, there is a major synergistic effect among the constituents. Since no single constituent tested was particularly potent, it remains to be determined whether these in-vitro cholinesterase inhibitory activities are relevant to in-vivo effects of the ingestion of <I>S. lavandulaefolia</I> essential oil on brain acetylcholinesterase activity.",
	pages = "895-902(8)",
	url = "http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/rpsgb/jpp/2000/00000052/00000007/art00018"
	doi = "doi:10.1211/0022357001774598"
}