@article {Awsare:November 2005:0035-8843:406,
	author = "Awsare, Ninaad S.",
	author = "Krishnan, Jai",
	author = "Boustead, Greg B.",
	author = "Hanbury, Damian C.",
	author = "McNicholas, Thomas A.",
	title = "Complications of vasectomy",
	journal = "Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England",
	volume = "87",
	year = "November 2005",
	abstract = "Introduction: Vasectomy is a common method of sterilisation. However, it is less popular than tubal ligation world-wide. It is also a frequent cause of litigation relating to its complications. This article reviews the early and late risks associated with the procedure.<P></P>Patients and Methods: Data collection was done using the internet to search Medline for obtaining evidence-based medicine reviews. Cross-references were obtained from key articles. Websites of government bodies and medical associations were searched for guidelines relating to vasectomy.<P></P>Discussion: Early complications include haematoma, wound and genito-urinary infections, and traumatic fistulae. Vasectomy failure occurs in 0-2% of patients. Late recanalisation causes failure in 0.2% of vasectomies. Significant chronic orchalgia may occur in up to 15% of men after vasectomy, and may require epididyectomy or vasectomy reversal. Antisperm antibodies develop in a significant proportion of men post-vasectomy, but do not increase the risk of immune-complex or atherosclerotic heart disease. Similarly, vasectomy does not enhance risk of testicular or prostate cancer. Vasectomy has a lower mortality as compared to tubal occlusion, but is still significantly high in non-industrialised countries because of infections.<P></P>Conclusions: Vasectomy, though safe and relatively simple, requires a high level of expertise to minimise complications. Adequate pre-operative counselling is essential to increase patient acceptability of this method of permanent contraception.",
	pages = "406-410(5)",
	url = "http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/rcse/arcs/2005/00000087/00000006/art00002"
	doi = "doi:10.1308/003588405X71054"
}