@article {Stephanie:December 2004:0269-9931:1121, author = "Stephanie Rude", author = "Eva-Maria Gortner", author = "James Pennebaker", title = "Language use of depressed and depression-vulnerable college students", journal = "Cognition and Emotion", volume = "18", year = "December 2004", abstract = "Essays written by currently-depressed, formerly-depressed, and never-depressed college students were examined for differences in language that might shed light on the cognitive operations associated with depression and depression-vulnerability. A text analysis program computed the incidence of words in predesignated categories. Consistent with Beck's cognitive model and with Pyczsinski and Greenberg's self-focus model of depression, depressed participants used more negatively valenced words and used the word, "I" more than did never-depressed participants. Formerly-depressed (presumably depression-vulnerable) participants did not differ from never-depressed participants on these indices of depressive processing. However, consistent with prediction, formerly-depressed participants' use of the word "I" increased across the essays and was significantly greater than that of never-depressed writers in the final portion of the essays.", pages = "1121-1133(13)", url = "http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/psych/pcem/2004/00000018/00000008/art00006" doi = "doi:10.1080/02699930441000030" }