@article {Dorman:March 2000:1399-543X:17,
	author = "Dorman, JS",
	author = "Steenkiste, AR",
	author = "O'Leary, LA",
	author = "McCarthy, BJ",
	author = "Lorenzen, T",
	author = "Foley, TP",
	title = "Type 1 diabetes in offspring of parents with type 1 diabetes: the tip of an autoimmune iceberg?",
	journal = "Pediatric Diabetes",
	volume = "1",
	year = "March 2000",
	abstract = "The objective of the present study was to examine the prevalence of self-reported autoimmune diseases among offspring of type 1 fathers, type 1 diabetic mothers, and non-diabetic parents. Type 1 diabetic probands (n=265; mean age=42 yr), who were ascertained from the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh Registry for 1950-1964, recently participated in the Familial Autoimmune and Diabetes Study. Non-diabetic probands (n=96), identified from voter registration lists and matched by age, race, median income, and duration of residence in the Pittsburgh area, were also enrolled. Offspring of type 1 diabetic probands were more likely to have a reported autoimmune disease (5.8% vs. 2.4%; p=0.067) than offspring of non-diabetic probands. Half the cases in the diabetic families were disorders other than type 1 diabetes, (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, etc.). Stratification by parental gender revealed a marginally higher risk for type 1 diabetes among offspring of type 1 diabetic fathers compared to mothers (4.9% vs. 3.4%; p=0.38, respectively, through age 20 yr). However, the risk for other autoimmune disorders was statistically significantly increased among offspring of type 1 diabetic mothers (0% vs. 6.2%; p=0.02, respectively, through age 20 yr). These data suggest that offspring of type 1 diabetic parents may be at high risk of developing other autoimmune disorders during childhood, with pediatric diabetes representing the `tip of an autoimmune iceberg'. The observed risk differences by parental gender, which have also been reported for other autoimmune disorders, warrant further investigation.",
	pages = "17-22(6)",
	url = "http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mksg/pdi/2000/00000001/00000001/art00004"
	doi = "doi:10.1034/j.1399-5448.2000.010104.x"
}