@article {Perez-Fuentetaja:June 2006:0018-8158:189,
	author = "Perez-Fuentetaja, Alicia",
	author = "Clapsadl, Mark",
	author = "Einhouse, Donald",
	author = "Bowser, Paul",
	author = "Getchell, Rodman",
	author = "Lee, W.",
	title = "Influence of Limnological Conditions on Clostridium Botulinum Type E Presence in Eastern Lake Erie Sediments (Great Lakes, USA)",
	journal = "Hydrobiologia",
	volume = "563",
	year = "June 2006",
	abstract = "Avian and fish botulism outbreaks have been recorded since 1999 in eastern Lake Erie. These outbreaks are caused by <I>Clostridium Botulinum</I> type E, a toxin-producing bacteria that is found in anoxic substrates rich in organic material. We studied the environmental conditions present in eastern Lake Erie during 2002, a year when several botulism outbreaks were observed. We also tested for the presence of <I>C. botulinum</I> type E in lake sediments. Samples were taken at six stations from two sites of different depths in the Dunkirk (New York, USA) area. The depth of the sampling sites influenced physico-chemical and biological processes in the sediments. We used the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) to quantify the levels of <I>C. botulinum</I> type E in the samples. Sediment samples contained a patchy distribution of type E spore concentrations (from not detectable to 5520 DNA copies/mg). Samples of benthic invertebrates tested positive for <I>C. botulinum</I> type E spores in tissues (<I>Gammarus</I> 2028 DNA copies/mg, oligochaetes 428 DNA copies/mg, chironomids 148 DNA copies/mg and dreissenid mussels 715 DNA copies/mg). Principal components analysis (PCA) from inshore stations indicated that a decrease in dissolved oxygen, pH and redox potential near the sediment was associated to an increase in specific conductance and the type E toxin gene in sediments. We also found that <I>C. botulinum</I> type E spores are present in sediments at different depths and at different times through the ice-free season.",
	pages = "189-200(12)",
	url = "http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/klu/hydr/2006/00000563/00000001/00000011"
	doi = "doi:10.1007/s10750-005-0011-1"
}