@article {C.:December 2004:1027-3719:1423,
	author = "C. Zaher",
	author = "R. Halbert",
	author = "R. Dubois",
	author = "D. George",
	author = "D. Nonikov",
	title = "Smoking-related diseases: the importance of COPD",
	journal = "The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease",
	volume = "8",
	year = "December 2004",
	abstract = "SETTING: Smoking plays a major role in a variety of diseases. Despite a strong relationship between smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular disease and lung cancer attract greater attention.<P></P>OBJECTIVE: To assess the burden of illness produced by smoking.<P></P>DESIGN: Smoking-attributable risk (SAR) and smoking-attributable disease burden (mortality, morbidity, and cost) were estimated for four conditions: COPD, coronary heart disease (CHD), lung cancer, and stroke.<P></P>RESULTS: Smoking-attributable deaths worldwide were: 1772580 COPD, 1 277000 CHD, 822150 lung cancer, and 788580 stroke. Smoking-attributable disability adjusted life years (DALYs) were: 47232000 COPD, 18106000 CHD, and 11052000 stroke. US smoking-attributable costs were: &#036;26.0 billion CHD, &#036;24.9 billion COPD, and &#036;9.0 billion stroke. US smoking-attributable annual hospitalizations were: 520000 COPD, 460000 CHD, and 183000 stroke.<P></P>CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular disease and lung cancer rank high in absolute estimates of disease burden. However, COPD has a more substantial smoking-attributable disease burden. COPD deserves more attention in the health care sector. Smoking cessation programs, pharmacological interruption of the pathophysiology of smoking-related COPD, and effective management of COPD should be key targets of intervention and research.",
	pages = "1423-1428(6)",
	url = "http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iuatld/ijtld/2004/00000008/00000012/art00005"
}