@article {Henry:June 2005:0144-6657:227,
	author = "Henry, Julie D.",
	author = "Crawford, John R.",
	title = "The short-form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample",
	journal = "British Journal of Clinical Psychology",
	volume = "44",
	year = "June 2005",
	abstract = "<B>Objectives.</B> To test the construct validity of the short-form version of the Depression anxiety and stress scale (DASS-21), and in particular, to assess whether stress as indexed by this measure is synonymous with negative affectivity (NA) or whether it represents a related, but distinct, construct. To provide normative data for the general adult population.<P></P> <P></P> <B>Design.</B> Cross-sectional, correlational and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).<P></P> <P></P> <B>Methods.</B> The DASS-21 was administered to a non-clinical sample, broadly representative of the general adult UK population (<I>N</I>&#61;1,794). Competing models of the latent structure of the DASS-21 were evaluated using CFA.<P></P> <P></P> <B>Results.</B> The model with optimal fit (RCFI &#61; 0.94) had a quadripartite structure, and consisted of a general factor of psychological distress plus orthogonal specific factors of depression, anxiety, and stress. This model was a significantly better fit than a competing model that tested the possibility that the Stress scale simply measures NA.<P></P> <P></P> <B>Conclusions.</B> The DASS-21 subscales can validly be used to measure the dimensions of depression, anxiety, and stress. However, each of these subscales also taps a more general dimension of psychological distress or NA. The utility of the measure is enhanced by the provision of normative data based on a large sample.",
	pages = "227-239(13)",
	url = "http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bpsoc/bjcp/2005/00000044/00000002/art00007"
	doi = "doi:10.1348/014466505X29657"
}